نشریه مطالعات کاربردی علوم زیستی در ورزش
پیاپی 18 (تابستان 1400)

The regulation of energy balance in humans is a complex and ambiguous issue. Various studies have shown the relationship between physical activity and creating a negative energy balance in the body. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of the different exercise types on appetite, calorie intake, calorie consumption and food liking in girl students.

Based of this semi-experimental study,10 girl students were randomly and voluntarily chosen among all university students. The subjects performed two protocols of swimming and running (80% of the maximum heart rate up to exhaustion), and one protocol of resistance training (80% of a maximum repetition up to exhaustion) during three sessions. Appetite, calorie intake and food intake were recorded by a standard questionnaire. Energy intake also was recorded by 24-hour physical activity form. Analysis of variance with repeated measures and LSD tests were applied to analyze the data at the significant level of p < 0.05.

The tendency to food had a significant increase immediately after the resistance training compared to running (p= 0.001). Feeling hungry had a significant increase (p = 0.001) compared to running training immediately after swimming training, while the feeling of satiety and the ability to eat at four times, did not showed any significant difference between the three types of exercise (p < 0.05). Moreover, between the effect of one session of swimming, running, and exhaustive circular resistance training there was no significant difference in the tendency to food, calorie intake and calorie consumption (p < 0.05).

There was no significant difference between different training activities in terms of calorie intake, calorie consumption and appetite. This means that regardless of the type of activity, exercise can causes a negative caloric balance; a change that probably cannot be compensate during short term.

There is not enough information on the effect of exercise training types on perilipins (PLINs) as important regulators of adipose storage and lipolysis. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on PLIN3 and PLIN5 protein expression of visceral fat in obese male Wistar rats.

Firstly, the rats were divided into two groups as standard diet (CD) and high fat diet (HFD) and after induction of obesity (with 10 weeks of high fat diet); next, the obese rats were divided into three groups as obese control (OC), MICT and HIIT groups. The HIIT group performed their training protocols including10 bouts of 4-minute running bouts at 85-90% of VO2max with 2-minute active rest intervals per session, and MICT group also were preformed continuous running sessions at 65-70% of VO2max protocols for 12 weeks, five days/week on a rat treadmill, in accordance with the progressive overload principle. The running distance were equalized between two protocols. The Western blot were used to measure the visceral fat PLIN3 and PLIN5 protein expression level. Independent samples t- test, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests were applied for extraction of results at the p≤0.05 level.

The PLIN5 and PLIN3 levels were higher (p=0.008) and lower (p=0.001) respectively in the HFD group as compare to CD group. On the other hand, PLIN3 level was higher after both HIIT and MICT group compared to OC (p=0.001 and p=0.04 respectively), while there was no differences between two training groups (p=0.90). Moreover, PLIN5 level had no significant differences between OC and HIIT or MICT (p=0.08 and p=0.45 respectively) groups.

It seems that both HIIT and MICT may play important roles in lipid droplet metabolism through regulation of PLIN3 expression level in diet induced obesity; while no significant difference was observed between the impact of them.

Considering the key role of apoptosis and other factors in inflammation, growth and metastasis of tumor cells and also regulating effect of physical activity, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise on the expression of these factors in breast cancer and also on breast cancer tumors weight reduction in mice.

Twenty female 3-weeks-old C ball mice with a mean weight of 17.10 ±0.10 g were randomly divided into experimental (aerobic exercise) and control groups. By subcutaneous injection of MC4-L2 cancer cells, both groups were diagnosed with cancer, and then the experimental group was trained for 8 weeks (5 sessions per week and each session lasted 14-20 minutes running at 55-70 percent of VO2max on the treadmill with zero gradient. The exercises began at a speed of 14 m/min in the first week and finally reached to 20 m/min in the last two weeks. 48 hours after the last training session, the mice were sacrificed and their tumors tissue samples were removed and stored at -70 ° C and the level of gene expression of Apaf-1 and caspase 3 of tumor tissue were measured by Real Time-PCR. Data were analyzed by SPSS21 using independent sample t- test at the significant level of p≤0.05.

The results of independent sample t- test showed that tumor volume in the training group was significantly lower than the control group (p=0.001), moreover the levels of Apaf-1 (p=0.001) and caspase 3 (p=0.001) was also significantly higher than the control group.

Due to the increased gene expression of Apaf-1 and caspase 3 following regular aerobic exercise with intensity of 55 to 70% VO2max, it can be suggested that medium-intensity aerobic exercise can controls the growth of breast tumors in female Balb C mice.

Running causes increments in synaptic plasticity in the adult brain. However, the effect of types of running on plasticity-related molecular changes are not well documented. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of two types of endurance training on brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine kinase B receptor (TrkB), in the hippocampus of adult male rat.

In this experimental study 18 adult male wistar rats, 8 weeks of age were randomly and equally (n=6) divided into 3 groups of control, continuous running and interval running. Animals in training groups were allowed to run on treadmill with intensity of 12-23 meter per min and 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Changes in protein levels of variables were determined by ELISA technique. In order to extract of the results, the one-way analysis of variance and LSD post hoc test were used at a significant level of p≤0.05.

The values of BDNF (p=0.01) and TrkB (p=0.0001) in the continuous running group showed a significant increase compared to the control. Also, in the interval running group, a significant increase was observed in both variables, BDNF (p=0.003) and TrkB (p=0.0001), but no significant difference was observed between the two training groups.

Endurance training (as running) leads to increases in the BDNF and TrkB in hippocampus regardless of its type. Since these two biomarkers are the main factors in hippocampal plasticity, memory and learning processes; increasing their protein levels after endurance running shows the positive effect of these factors on the mentioned processes in adults.

Studies have shown that pilates exercises play a role in the treatment and prevention of neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the possible mechanism for this effect is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of pilates training on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and dynamic balance of men with MS.

This study was a semi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design. Twenty-two men with mean age of 34.9 ±3.7 years, mean expanded disability status scale (EDSS) of 3.6 ±1.07 and mean body mass index (BMI) of 24.07 ±4.3 kg/m2 were selected and randomly assigned into pilates exercise training (n=12) and control (n=10) groups. The experimental group performed three sessions per week of pilates exercise training for 8 weeks. The timed up and go balance test (TUG) was used to evaluate the patients’ balance, moreover, the sandwich ELISA method was applied to measure serum BDNF levels. For statistical analysis, the t-test was used to compare the intra-group changes and the ANCOVA method to compare between the groups changes at the significant level of p < 0.05.

intra-group changes showed that serum BDNF levels in pilates group increased significantly (p=0.03) and duration of TUG test also decreased significantly (p=0.02); neither of these two variables displayed a significant change in the control group (p>0.05). There was a significant difference between two groups after 8 weeks of training in the serum level of BDNF (p=0.04) as well as the balance test (p=0.01).

Pilates exercises can be considered as important part of rehabilitation programs for patients with MS because of the increase in BDNF and the improvement of balance in the intervention group.

It seems that the combination of brain endurance training and physical endurance training can increases endurance exercise performance throughout reducing rating of perceived exertion more than solely physical endurance training. The aim of this research was to study the effect of physical endurance training, and brain endurance training on fatigue and exercise tolerance in active people.

20 healthy volunteers (14 men and 6 women) were assigned into two groups as: physical endurance training + brain endurance training and physical endurance training. Both groups trained on a cycle ergometer for 60 minutes at 60-75 heart rate reserve. Whilst cycling, the brain endurance training group performed a mental exertion on a computer. Both groups trained 3-4 times a week for 24 sessions. Maximal oxygen consumption during an incremental test and exercise tolerance with constant load exhausting test were measured at pre and post training. Rating of perceived exertion and heart rate were recorded every two minutes during time to exhaustion test. Data were analyzed using mixed model analyze of variance and significant level was set as p˂0.05.

Maximal oxygen consumption increased in both groups (p=0.01); however, for time to exhaustion variable it showed more increasing in the brain endurance training and physical endurance training group than in the physical endurance training group (p=0.01). Brain endurance training and physical endurance training group compared to the physical endurance training group indicated significantly reduction on the rating of perceived exertion during time to exhaustion test (p=0.01).

The results of this study provide evidence that the combination of the brain endurance training and physical endurance training than physical endurance training can increased more endurance exercise performance throughout decrease rating of perceived exertion.